[leetcode 224 & 227]Basic Calculator I & II 原创解法

题目概述

224原题链接

227原题链接

Implement a basic calculator to evaluate a simple expression string.

这两道题可以使用一种通用的解法来解。所以就放在一起了。

"1 + 1" = 2
" 2-1 + 2 " = 3
"(1+(4+5+2)-3)+(6+8)" = 23

"3+2*2" = 7
" 3/2 " = 1
" 3+5 / 2 " = 5

波兰计数法

波兰计数法是一种非常巧妙的方法,只使用一个栈结构就能计算表达式。 但是呢,我们常用的表达式是一种infix表达式,而波兰计数法是一种 postfix表达式。所以需要一种把infix expression转换成postfix expression转换方法

抽象语法树

我还是想用抽象语法树的形式来解。也就是说先把表达式转换成一棵二叉树。 然后再计算这棵树。思路很简单,所以呢,为了直观的看到树状结构。 我发现Python下有一个不错的包binarytree,这个包可以打印树状图。 我们先来看看打印的结果吧。是不是很不错。

0-(1+2)*3*(4-3/5/5)+1+1

                                __+  
                               /   \ 
    __________________________+     1
   /                           \     
  -__________                   1    
 /           \                       
0           __*__                    
           /     \                   
        __*       -______            
       /   \     /       \           
      +     3   4       __/          
     / \               /   \         
    1   2             /     5        
                     / \             
                    3   5  

初步解法

根据以上的思路,我们首先定义一个Tree,继承自binarytreeNode。 然后就先对字符串处理成token流,其实这题没这个要求。简单的去掉 空格就行了。也没有复杂的数字。下面给出了生成AST的初步代码。 算是递归下降法吧。 然后再计算树的值。

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# python2
from binarytree import Node

class TreeNode(Node):
def __init__(self, value=None):
super(TreeNode, self).__init__(value)

def compute(self, root):
if root:
if root.left == None and root.right == None:
return int(root.value)
else:

left = self.compute(root.left)
right = self.compute(root.right)
result = None
char = root.value
if char == "+":
result = left + right
elif char == "-":
result = left - right
elif char == "*":
result = left * right
elif char == "/":
result = left / right

return result

class Test(object):
def __init__(self, s):
self.s = self.tokenize(s + "$")
# print(self.s)
self.i = 0
self.n = len(self.s)
self.t = None
self.precedences = {'+': 0, '-': 0, '*': 1, '/': 1}

def tokenize(self, s):
n = len(s)
result = []
tmp = ""
for i in range(0, n):
char = s[i]
if char == ' ':
continue
if char in '+-*/()$':
if tmp:
result.append(tmp)
tmp = ""
result.append(char)
continue
if char in [str(i) for i in range(0, 10)]:
tmp += char

return result

def parse(self):
while self.s[self.i] != '$':
self.parse_expr()
return self.t

def parse_expr(self):
while True:
char = self.s[self.i]
t = None
if char in '$)':
break
elif char in '(':
self.i += 1
self.t = self.parse_expr()
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
self.i += 1
elif char in "+-":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
elif char in "*/":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
else:
self.t = self.parse_term()
return self.t

def parse_term(self):
c = self.s[self.i]
if c == "(":
self.i += 1
t = self.parse_expr()
# print(t)
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
else:
self.i += 1
return t
else:
t = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
return t

def parse_binary_operator(self, lhs, precedence):
c = self.s[self.i]
oper = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
oper.left = lhs
rhs = self.parse_term()
while True:
lookahead = self.s[self.i]
if lookahead not in "$)":
lookahead_precedence = self.precedences[lookahead]
if lookahead_precedence > precedence:
rhs = self.parse_binary_operator(rhs, lookahead_precedence)
else:
oper.right = rhs
break
else:
oper.right = rhs
break

return oper
#测试
s = "0-(1+2)*3*(4-3/5/5)+1+1"
print(s)
t = Test(s).parse()
print(t)
print(t.compute(t))

栈调用过深了

以上的解法中生成语法树的过程因为使用了多个递归,结果调用的栈过深,结果 出错了。因为 python默认的递归栈深度是10000。

RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object

怎么办呢,想办法把递归改成非递归吧。但是看了又看还是没有发现如何改, 因为存在两个函数相互调用的嵌套递归。不管怎样,先减少一个递归函数吧。 去掉了parse_term函数。

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class Test2(object):
"""
并没有完全把递归改成stack方式。但是因为比Test少了一个parse_term所以减少了递归栈的深度,
从而侥幸没有栈溢出。
"""

def __init__(self, s):
self.s = self.tokenize(s + "$")
# print(self.s)
self.i = 0
self.n = len(self.s)
self.t = None
self.precedences = {'+': 0, '-': 0, '*': 1, '/': 1}

def tokenize(self, s):
n = len(s)
result = []
tmp = ""
for i in range(0, n):
char = s[i]
if char == ' ':
continue
if char in '+-*/()$':
if tmp:
result.append(tmp)
tmp = ""
result.append(char)
continue
if char in [str(i) for i in range(0, 10)]:
tmp += char

return result

def parse(self):
return self.parse_expr()

def parse_expr(self):
while True:
char = self.s[self.i]
t = None
if char in '$)':
break
elif char in '(':
self.i += 1
self.t = self.parse_expr()
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
self.i += 1
elif char in "+-":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
elif char in "*/":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
else:
t = TreeNode(char)
self.i += 1
self.t = t

return self.t

def parse_binary_operator(self, lhs, precedence):
c = self.s[self.i]
oper = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
oper.left = lhs

c = self.s[self.i]
rhs = None
if c == "(":
self.i += 1
t = self.parse_expr()
# print(t)
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
else:
self.i += 1
rhs = t
else:
t = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
rhs = t

while True:
lookahead = self.s[self.i]
if lookahead not in "$)":
lookahead_precedence = self.precedences[lookahead]
if lookahead_precedence > precedence:
rhs = self.parse_binary_operator(rhs, lookahead_precedence)
else:
oper.right = rhs
break
else:
oper.right = rhs
break

return oper

居然不出现栈溢出了。呵呵。(其实还是存在这个问题,只是能够通过leetcode测试了) 但是计算的过程TreeNode::compute还是出现了调用过深的错误RecursionError。 这个没关系啊,我们可以改成非递归的栈模拟方式

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class TreeNode(Node):
def __init__(self, value=None):
super(TreeNode, self).__init__(value)

def compute(self, root):
if root:
if root.left == None and root.right == None:
return int(root.value)
else:

left = self.compute(root.left)
right = self.compute(root.right)
result = None
char = root.value
if char == "+":
result = left + right
elif char == "-":
result = left - right
elif char == "*":
result = left * right
elif char == "/":
result = left / right

return result

def compute2(self, root):
# compute的非递归形式。
q = []
result = None
prog = 1
left = None
right = None
tup = (prog, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
while q:
prog, root, left, right = q.pop()
if prog == 1:
if root.left == None and root.right == None:
result = int(root.value)
continue
else:
prog = 2
if prog == 2:
tup = (prog + 1, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
tup_new = (1, root.left, left, right)
q.append(tup_new)
continue
if prog == 3:
left = result
prog = 4
if prog == 4:
tup = (prog + 1, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
tup_new = (1, root.right, left, right)
q.append(tup_new)
continue
if prog == 5:
right = result
char = root.value
if char == "+":
result = left + right
elif char == "-":
result = left - right
elif char == "*":
result = left * right
elif char == "/":
result = left / right

return result

通过的代码

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from binarytree import Node
class TreeNode(Node):
def __init__(self, value=None):
super(TreeNode, self).__init__(value)

def compute(self, root):
if root:
if root.left == None and root.right == None:
return int(root.value)
else:

left = self.compute(root.left)
right = self.compute(root.right)
result = None
char = root.value
if char == "+":
result = left + right
elif char == "-":
result = left - right
elif char == "*":
result = left * right
elif char == "/":
result = left / right

return result

def compute2(self, root):
# compute的非递归形式。
q = []
result = None
prog = 1
left = None
right = None
tup = (prog, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
while q:
prog, root, left, right = q.pop()
if prog == 1:
if root.left == None and root.right == None:
result = int(root.value)
continue
else:
prog = 2
if prog == 2:
tup = (prog + 1, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
tup_new = (1, root.left, left, right)
q.append(tup_new)
continue
if prog == 3:
left = result
prog = 4
if prog == 4:
tup = (prog + 1, root, left, right)
q.append(tup)
tup_new = (1, root.right, left, right)
q.append(tup_new)
continue
if prog == 5:
right = result
char = root.value
if char == "+":
result = left + right
elif char == "-":
result = left - right
elif char == "*":
result = left * right
elif char == "/":
result = left / right

return result


class Test2(object):
"""
并没有完全把递归改成stack方式。但是因为比Test少了一个parse_term所以减少了递归栈的深度,
从而侥幸没有栈溢出。
"""

def __init__(self, s):
self.s = self.tokenize(s + "$")
# print(self.s)
self.i = 0
self.n = len(self.s)
self.t = None
self.precedences = {'+': 0, '-': 0, '*': 1, '/': 1}

def tokenize(self, s):
n = len(s)
result = []
tmp = ""
for i in range(0, n):
char = s[i]
if char == ' ':
continue
if char in '+-*/()$':
if tmp:
result.append(tmp)
tmp = ""
result.append(char)
continue
if char in [str(i) for i in range(0, 10)]:
tmp += char

return result

def parse(self):
return self.parse_expr()

def parse_expr(self):
while True:
char = self.s[self.i]
t = None
if char in '$)':
break
elif char in '(':
self.i += 1
self.t = self.parse_expr()
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
self.i += 1
elif char in "+-":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
elif char in "*/":
lhs = self.t
self.t = self.parse_binary_operator(lhs, self.precedences[char])
else:
t = TreeNode(char)
self.i += 1
self.t = t

return self.t

def parse_binary_operator(self, lhs, precedence):
c = self.s[self.i]
oper = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
oper.left = lhs

c = self.s[self.i]
rhs = None
if c == "(":
self.i += 1
t = self.parse_expr()
# print(t)
c = self.s[self.i]
if c != ")":
raise Exception("{0} shoud be )".format(self.i))
else:
self.i += 1
rhs = t
else:
t = TreeNode(c)
self.i += 1
rhs = t

while True:
lookahead = self.s[self.i]
if lookahead not in "$)":
lookahead_precedence = self.precedences[lookahead]
if lookahead_precedence > precedence:
rhs = self.parse_binary_operator(rhs, lookahead_precedence)
else:
oper.right = rhs
break
else:
oper.right = rhs
break

return oper

# 测试
s = "0-(1+2)*3*(4-3/5/5)+1+1"
print(s)
t = Test2(s).parse()
print(t)
print(t.compute2(t))

总结

虽然代码长了点,但是练习了一下如何生成一个抽象语法树。并且练习了 如何把一个调用自身的递归改成非递归。


[leetcode 224 & 227]Basic Calculator I & II 原创解法
https://threelambda.com/2016/10/24/leetcode-224/
作者
Ming Yang
发布于
2016年10月24日
许可协议